1097:
the Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon capture Jerusalem1100: Ghazali and "kalam" (rational theology)
1175: Ibn Rushd Averroes proclaims the two truths (religion for the uneducated masses and philosophy for the educated elite)
1118:
Arabs import gunpowder from China (a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur and charcoal) and arms and artillery are invented1130:
rise of the Almohad dynasty in Algeria, founded by Muhammad ibn Tumart1141:
the Karakitai defeat the Seljuqs at the battle of Qatwan, thus destroying Seljuq power in Central Asia
1144:
the Muslims captures Edessa and destroy the oldest Crusader state1146:
the Almohads, led by Abdul-Mu'min, conquer Morocco from the Almoravids and cause the collapse of the Almoravid dynasty
1150: t
he Almohads conquer Spain1152:
the Almohads conquer Algeria from the Almoravids1153:
the Khwarazmis (Turkish mercenaries) conquer Persia from the Seljuqs1158:
the Almohads conquer Tunisia from the Almoravids1169: Saladin Ayubbid, a Kurdish general, ends the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt and founds the Ayubbid dynasty
1172:
the Almohads conquer Andalucia from the Almoravids and move the capital to Sevilla1174:
Saladin takes Damascus from the Syrian ruler1175:
the Ghaznavid state is absorbed into the Ghurid empire, which is also Turkic-speaking1176:
Byzanthium is defeated by the Turks of Rum at Myriokephalon1187:
Saladin retakes Palestine and Jerusalem1192: Saladin signs an armstice with King Richard I of England tha grants the Christians a small kingdom outside Jerusalem
1193: Saladin's brother Malik Adil becomes sultan of Egypt and Syria
1194:
the Seljuqs conquer Anatolia1194: the last Persian Seljuq ruler dies and Seljuq power collapses in Iran
1195:
Alfonso VIII of Castilla is defeated by the Almohads at Alarcos1196:
the Marinid dynasty takes over Morocco[size=3
1200: the sufist Ibn Arabi preaches pantheism (only god exists)[/size]
1200: Ali ad-Din Muhammad becomes shah of the Khwarizm/Khwarezmian empire that extends from Uzbekistan to Persia
1212:
the Christian kings of Spain defeat the Almohads at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa1220:
the Mongols invade Transoxania (Bukhara and Samarkand) and Iran/Persia1228: t
he Hafsid dynasty takes over Tunisia1241:
Batu's younger brother Shayban raids Hungary and then splits, establishing the Shaybanid Horde
1243:
the Mongols conquer the Seljuk Rum state in Anatolia1248: Ferdinand III of Castilla conquers Sevilla, capital of the Almohads, and the Almohads are left with the state of Granada
1249:
the Mamlukes defeat the French in Egypt and capture the king of France1250:
The Mamluks of Egypt (Turkish "military slaves") overthrow the sultan and install a woman, Shajar al-Durr, widow of a former sultan, as the new sultan, thus terminating the Ayyubid dynasty and starting the Mamluk dynasty, and she is forced to marry Izz al-Din Aybak and abdicate to him after just 80 days, while the Syrians under al Nasir reject her authority and declare their independence and obtain Jerusalem
1250: the Alhambra is built in Granada
1256:
Hulagu's Mongol army destroy the Assassins' castles1257:
Shajar-al-Durr of Egypt is killed by the palace concubines after she murders Izz al-Din Aybak1258:
Hulegu's Mongols destroy the Abbasid caliphate of Baghdad (killing 800,000 people including the last Abbasid caliph), conquer Persia, Mesopotamia and Syria and establish an Ilkhanate with capital in Baghdad1259:
the Mamluk commander Muzaffar Sayf-al-Din Kutuz/Qutuz seizes power in Egypt after Shajar is murdered1260:
Kutuz's Mamluks led by general al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars defeat the Christian army of the Mongols at the battle of Ain Jalut and annex Syria
1260:
Kutuz is assassinated and succeeded by his general al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars as leader of Mamluk Egypt that turns Egypt-Syria into the most powerful Islamic state1262: Berke's Mongols ally with Baybars' Egypt against Hulegu's Mongols
1263: the Mongol leader Hulegu assumes the title of "Ilkhan" as ruler of Persia
1269: collapse of the Almohad dynasty in Algeria and rise of the Marinids in Morocco
1271:
prince Edward of England allies with Abaka's Mongols but they are defeated by Baybars' Mamluks1274: the Persian astronomer Nasir Al-Din Tusi builds the Maraghah observatory
1279: Qalaun succeeds Kutuz as leader of Mamluk Egypt
1282: the new
Shaybanid khan Uzbek converts the Shaybanid horde to Islam and his horde becomes known as the Uzbeks1291:
the last Christian stronghold in Palestine (Acre) falls to the Mamluks1294: Kublai Khan dies and the empire fragments in khanates, one of them being the Ilkhanate, descendants of Hulegu, with capital in Tabriz
1295:
Ghazan, the Ilkhan, converts to Islam, and the Ilkhanate becomes a sultanate1300: Ibn Taymiyya criticizes sufism
1301: Osman founds the Ottoman dynasty in Anatolia
1301: Shaykh Safi al-Din, founder of the Safavid dynasty, founds a sufi order in Azerbaijan
1313:
warlord Uzbek leads a group of Islamic Mongols in Central Asia1326: the Ottomans led by Orhan take Bursa and make it their capital
1331: t
he Ottomans conquer Nicaea1335: Abu Said dies and the Ilkhanate disintegrates
1342: Shaybanid khan Uzbek dies
1350: Ibn Battuta travels from Tangier to China1350: the Sheybanid horde (southeast of the Urals) renames itself Uzbek
1354: the Ottomans occupy Gallipoli, first outpost in Europe
1361: the Ottomans led by Murad I conquer Adrianopole, change its name to Edirne and make it their capital
1362: Murad succeeds Orhan as sultan of the Ottomans
1365:
the turkic-speaking Timur overthrow the Chaghatai khanate and conquers Iran (Persia), the old Ilkhanate, establishing his capital in Samarkand1389: the Ottomans defeat Serbia at the battle of Kosovo but the Serbs kill Murad
1393: the Ottomans, under Murad's son Bayazid I, conquer Bulgaria and Wallachia
1393:
Ottoman sultan Bayezid I, son of Murad, besieges Constantinople1400:
Timur lays siege to Damascus1402:
Timur defeats the Ottomans at Ankara and captures Ottoman sultan Beyazid I who dies in captivity1413:
Timur's empire collapses and the Ottomans, led by Bayazid's son Mehmet I, recover their terroritories
1439: Ottomans under Murad II annex Serbia
1440: Ottomans under Murad II besiege Belgrade
1444: Ottomans under Murad II defeat the crusaders at the battle of Varna
1444: Muhammad/Mehmet II succeeds Murad II
1451: Muhammad Shaybani becomes the khan of the Uzbeks
1453: the Ottoman Turks under Mehmet II capture Constantinople/Byzantium and rename it Istanbul
1460: the Ottomans conquer Greece and Serbia
1461: the Ottomans conquer Trebizond
1462: Vlad IV of Walachia is defeated by the Ottomans sultan Mehmet II
1465: end of the Marinid dynasty in Morocco, replaced by the Wattasids
1465: Arabs riot and massacre more than 1,000 Jews in Fes, Moroccowell that is life in Islam..
Topic: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians