In Islam, dogs are considered ritually unclean and must be kept outside of the house.
To some extent they are considered unclean - but that doesn't equal to hate. Muslims still keep and breed dogs for many purposes. For example the dog of "Ashab al-kaf" is an hounoured dog!
What other culture that had no contact with Islam also believed this?
I don't know.
And why was this message not sent to any other prophets?
Law wasn't same in for all Prophet's and societies - as times changed laws change. In older times - dogs weren't the pet that they are today. And there is no specific "hate" for dogs.
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It is not that there are minor differences between the religious traditions of the various peoples of the world, it is that they are all totally different. No religious tradition that did not have contact with Islam resembles Islam at all in any way whatsoever.
Such as? Debatable. According to Islam - only about 313 different laws were sent.
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So why an earth did Allah insist that Semites must be circumsized but other people shouldn't?
I don't actually know whether Allah ordered circumcision for others or not.
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Name a culture that had no contact with Islam where idols were forbidden.
India - Messengers were sent - but were refused. According to Muslim Sufis.