Qur'anic studies today

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Reply #10950 - September 04, 2023, 06:26 AM

Quote from: Altara on September 02, 2023, 01:17 PM
Law Beyond Israel
https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/60763
"The Hebrew Bible formulates two sets of law: one for the Israelites and one for the gentile “residents” living in the Holy Land."

"the gentile 'residents' are called 'ger'.
'Muhajir' is the one who is 'ger' ; the Hebrew G is J in Arabic.
Hagar, the mother of Ishmael is the woman who is becoming 'ger": she travels from Egypt to Canaan with Abraham and she becomes Jewish: this voyage is, in the same time, a metanoia, a conversion to Judaism, i.e. a voyage from Egyptian paganism to monotheism. Ishmael is circumcised.
"Hijra" is not a physical migration it is a mental one to be accepted as a 'ger', i.e., as the gentile part of Judaism, like Ha Gar, the 'ger woman'.

Interesting.

Is Zellentin saying this is the original meaning of 'muhajir' and 'hijra' or is this your own argument?

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Reply #10951 - September 04, 2023, 06:39 AM

Linked before but maybe worth rereading in the light of the argument above.

Patricia Crone - The First-Century Concept of "Hiǧra"

https://www.ias.edu/sites/default/files/hs/Crone_Articles/Crone_First_Century_Concept_of_Higra.pdf

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Reply #10952 - September 04, 2023, 06:46 AM

God-fearers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God-fearer

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Reply #10953 - September 04, 2023, 07:21 AM

Open access book

Holger Zellentin - Law Beyond Israel: From the Bible to the Qur'an

https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/60763
Quote
The Hebrew Bible formulates two sets of law: one for the Israelites and one for the gentile “residents” living in the Holy Land. Law Beyond Israel: From the Bible to the Qur’an argues that these biblical laws for non-Israelites form the historical basis of qur’anic law. The study corroborates its central claim by assessing laws for gentiles in late antique Jewish and especially in Christian legal discourse, pointing to previously underappreciated legal continuity from the Hebrew Bible to the New Testament and from late antique Christianity to nascent Islam. This volume first sketches the legal obligations that the Hebrew Bible imposes on humanity more broadly and, more specifically, on the non-Israelite residents of the Holy Land. It then traces these laws through Second Temple Judaism to the early Jesus movement, illustrating how the biblical laws for residents inform those formulated in the Acts of the Apostles. Building on this legal continuity, the study employs detailed historical and literary analyses of legal narratives in order to make three propositions. First, rabbinic laws for gentiles, the so-called Noahide Laws, while offering a more lenient interpretation than the one we find in Acts, are equally based on the biblical laws for gentile residents of the Holy Land. Second, Christians generally appreciated and even expanded the gentile laws of Acts. Third, the Qur’an remakes traditional Arabian religious practice by formulating its own distinctive approach to the biblical laws for gentiles, in close continuity with—and at times in critical distance from—late antique Jewish and especially Christian gentile law.

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Reply #10954 - September 04, 2023, 07:52 AM

See this thread for how Jewish law came to be adopted in the first place:

https://www.councilofexmuslims.com/index.php?topic=31868

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Reply #10955 - September 05, 2023, 12:12 AM

Quote from: zeca on September 04, 2023, 06:26 AM
Interesting.

Is Zellentin saying this is the original meaning of 'muhajir' and 'hijra' or is this your own argument?

My own. It seems clear to me ; the pieces of the puzzle fit.
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Reply #10956 - September 05, 2023, 12:22 AM

Quote from: zeca on September 04, 2023, 06:46 AM
God-fearers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God-fearer

'God-fearers' is a 1st c. Greek concept about the proselytes (semi converted or converted to Judaism). One does not know at that time how Judaism named them in Hebrew. 'Ger' is possible.
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Reply #10957 - September 05, 2023, 12:23 AM

Quote from: zeca on September 04, 2023, 07:52 AM
See this thread for how Jewish law came to be adopted in the first place:

https://www.councilofexmuslims.com/index.php?topic=31868

Knew it.
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Reply #10958 - September 05, 2023, 12:37 AM

Quote from: zeca on September 04, 2023, 06:39 AM
Linked before but maybe worth rereading in the light of the argument above.

Patricia Crone - The First-Century Concept of "Hiǧra"

https://www.ias.edu/sites/default/files/hs/Crone_Articles/Crone_First_Century_Concept_of_Higra.pdf

Yes. The issue with Crone is that she believes to the traditional narrative ; so she comments what Muslims have comprehended of the Quranic texts in elaborating a story which explains its existence. She did not realize that all was a historical fiction to which they believed for this purpose (explaining the existence of those texts).
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Reply #10959 - September 05, 2023, 07:10 AM

Quote from: Altara on September 05, 2023, 12:22 AM
'God-fearers' is a 1st c. Greek concept about the proselytes (semi converted or converted to Judaism).

An article by Paula Fredriksen: https://www.bu.edu/religion/files/2015/12/PF-Kraemer-Festschrift-2016.pdf

Presumably in the Roman world the category disappeared over time with the Christianisation of the empire after Constantine. But what happened to it in Jewish communities outside the empire? - say in Iraq or Yemen.

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Reply #10960 - September 05, 2023, 08:04 AM

God-fearers in third century Aphrodisias: http://cojs.org/robert-f-tannenbaum-jews-god-fearers-holy-city-aphrodite-biblical-archaeology-review-12-5-1986/

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Reply #10961 - September 05, 2023, 09:22 AM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlMAHHsVq9s

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Reply #10962 - September 06, 2023, 03:55 PM

The Quran | Origins and Canonization with Shady Nasser
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdGBdqGJqU8

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Reply #10963 - September 06, 2023, 08:10 PM

Katell Berthelot - To Convert or Not to Convert: The Appropriation of Jewish Rituals, Customs and Beliefs by Non-Jews

https://www.academia.edu/44563962/_To_Convert_or_Not_to_Convert_The_Appropriation_of_Jewish_Rituals_Customs_and_Beliefs_by_Non_Jews_in_Lived_Religion_in_the_Ancient_Mediterranean_World_Approaching_Religious_Transformations_from_Archaeology_History_and_Classics_ed_by_V_Gasparini_et_al_Berlin_W_de_Gruyter_2020_493_515
Quote
In Antiquity, non-Jews appropriated Jewish rituals, customs and beliefs in a way that defied clear-cut categorization and thus challenged group boundaries. Whereas the scholarly debate has traditionally focused on whether the term “Godfearers” (theosebeis, metuentes) was adequate to describe such individuals, and whether such a category or group existed at all in the ancient world, my aim in this paper is different. I examine how ancient literary and epigraphic sources differentiate between converts (or proselytes) and Judaizers, what kind of ritual practices or beliefs are attributed to these Judaizers, and whether they are described as participating in the life of local Jewish communities. Finally, I look at what rabbinic writings have to say about this phenomenon.

Only some of the sources provide information on Judaizing practices; in some cases we can merely conclude that certain non-Jews showed devotion toward the God of Israel, without being able to specify how this devotion manifested itself. It is highly probable that Judaizers were sometimes connected with a particular Jewish community, but not all Judaizers were necessarily taking part in synagogal or community activities. Judaizing attitudes belonged first and foremost to the realm of individual religious practices and were not codified by any particular group. As such, they were rejected by the rabbis, who praised the gentiles who venerated the God of Israel and were benevolent towards the Jews, but considered that the commandments of the Torah such as the Sabbath were given to Israel alone, and were not to be observed or imitated by non-Jews.

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Reply #10964 - September 06, 2023, 09:13 PM

Quote from: Altara on September 05, 2023, 12:22 AM
'God-fearers' is a 1st c. Greek concept about the proselytes (semi converted or converted to Judaism). One does not know at that time how Judaism named them in Hebrew. 'Ger' is possible.

This thesis discusses whether 'god-fearers' can be identified with 'ger':

Resident Proselytes, God-Fearers and the Seven Noahide Laws - Making a case for an identification between the ger toshav in traditional Judaism and the sebomenos ton theon in Hellenistic literature

https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/6945/109012839.pdf

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Reply #10965 - September 06, 2023, 10:47 PM

Quote from: zeca on September 06, 2023, 09:13 PM
This thesis discusses whether 'god-fearers' can be identified with 'ger':

Resident Proselytes, God-Fearers and the Seven Noahide Laws - Making a case for an identification between the ger toshav in traditional Judaism and the sebomenos ton theon in Hellenistic literature

https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/6945/109012839.pdf

Thanks. But we have to remember one important point: The status of Arabs viewed by Judaism is not the same than the general pagan world of Late Antiquity. Why? Simply because Arabs are seen by him as sons of Abraham via Ishmael. They are members of the 'family'. What is not (at all) the case for Greco-Romans or other men. So Arabs are a special case which cannot be compared point to point with greco-romans proselytes, 'God-fearers', etc., even if there are common points.
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Reply #10966 - September 15, 2023, 09:21 PM

Ilkka Lindstedt - The seed of Abraham: Gentile ethnicity in early Christian texts and the Quran

https://www.academia.edu/93008957/The_seed_of_Abraham_Gentile_ethnicity_in_early_Christian_texts_and_the_Quran

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Reply #10967 - September 15, 2023, 10:23 PM

Forthcoming book

Ilkka Lindstedt - Muḥammad and His Followers in Context: The Religious Map of Late Antique Arabia

https://brill.com/display/title/69380
Quote
This book surveys and analyzes changes in religious groups and identities in late antique Arabia, ca. 300-700 CE. It engages with contemporary and material evidence: for example, inscriptions, archaeological remains, Arabic poetry, the Qurʾān, and the so-called Constitution of Medina. Also, it suggests ways to deal with the later Arabic historiographical and other literary texts. The issue of social identities and their processes are central to the study. For instance, how did Arabian ethnic and religious identities intersect on the eve of Islam? The book suggests that the changes in social groups were more piecemeal than previously thought.

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Reply #10968 - September 15, 2023, 10:32 PM

Holger Zellentin - banū isrāʾīl, ahl al-kitāb, al-yahūd wa-l-naṣārā: The Qur'anic Community's Encounters with Jews and Christians

https://www.academia.edu/104759730/banū_isrāʾīl_ahl_al_kitāb_al_yahūd_wa_l_naṣārā_The_Quranic_Communitys_Encounters_with_Jews_and_Christians

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Reply #10969 - September 15, 2023, 10:49 PM

Holger Zellentin - The Rise of Monotheism in Arabia

https://www.academia.edu/38449455/_The_Rise_of_Monotheism_in_Arabia_in_Josef_Lössl_and_Nicholas_J_Baker_Brian_eds_A_Companion_to_Religion_in_Late_Antiquity_Blackwell_Companions_t%3Cspan%20style=

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Reply #10970 - September 15, 2023, 11:07 PM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VgUZCtgGRX4

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Reply #10971 - September 15, 2023, 11:17 PM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWqi-wqDeMw

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Reply #10972 - September 16, 2023, 12:27 PM

Cecilia Palombo - review of Sean Anthony's Muhammad and the Empires of Faith

https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/tmr/article/view/33388/36969

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Reply #10973 - September 16, 2023, 10:34 PM

Muriel Debie - For a Different History of the Seventh Century C.E. Syriac Sources and Sasanian and Arab-Muslim Occupation of the Middle East

https://www.ias.edu/ideas/2017/debie-syriac
Quote
It is in reading a letter from the well-known Syriac bishop and theologian Philoxenus of Mabbug (Hierapolis in ancient Syria) to a stratelates of al-Ḥīra (a Byzantine title for an official based in one of the “capital” camps/cities of the Arabs in pre-Islamic late antiquity, and today in Iraq) that I came see the link these sources provide between Syriac theology and the Qurʾān. This letter discusses the presence in Arabia of groups among the Miaphysites that were considered as heretics. Called Julianists (on the name of Julian of Halicarnassus, d. 527) or Aphthartodocetae, they understood the alliance of the divine and human natures in Christ in a way that made them question Jesus’s suffering on the cross. In the 520s, a large group of Julianists took refuge against Byzantine persecutions in al-Ḥīra and in Upper Egypt. Some subsequently fled to Ethiopia and on to Arabia. These groups had an enduring presence until at least the eighth century in Southern Arabia where many churches belonged to them.

What this Syriac letter highlights are the discussions that were taking place in the Christian milieu in Arabia in the sixth century, barely a century before Islam, on issues close to those alluded to in the Qurʾān. An obscure passage of Surat al-nisāʾ 4, 157 about Jesus’s crucifixion suggests that it was a matter of controversy and that nobody was sure about what happened then. It gave way to many subsequent interrogations: was it only a fantasy, an appearance of Jesus that was crucified by the Jews? Was it someone else, and were there two persons? The discussions of these very subjects between the dissident and mainstream Miaphysites in Arabia before Islam can explain the basis on which the Qurʾān expressed its own puzzlement about what exactly happened on the cross, and from there how the Islamic tradition tried to make sense of the obscure Qurʾānic passage.

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Reply #10974 - September 19, 2023, 11:15 AM

Book reviews by Peter Brown - including his 1979 review of Hagarism

Recovering Submerged Worlds: G.W. Bowersock’s ‘Empires in Collision in Late Antiquity’ and Patricia Crone’s ‘The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran’: https://archive.ph/vbJVr

At the Center of a Roiling World: https://archive.ph/cQNDt

The Voice of the Stones: https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2008/04/17/the-voice-of-the-stones/

Understanding Islam: https://archive.ph/UUIJz
Quote
Whatever we may think of the truth of its assertions, and however much we may regret the truculent and offhand manner in which many of these are presented, Patricia Crone and Michael Cook’s Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World is a book to be taken seriously.

In the opinion of its authors, Islam still lacked a clear identity in the first century of the Arab conquests. The “new and assured religious persona” of Islam, which we now take for granted as having always existed, was nowhere to be seen in those headlong generations. What is more, Islam was not brought to the settled populations of the Near East by the Arabs; for the Arabs, in the opinion of the authors, had only the vaguest idea of the message of their new prophet. Hence the title of the book, Hagarism. Contemporary sources speak of the Arabs as “Hagarenes”: like the Jews and the Christians, they claimed a common descent from Abraham, through Ishmael, the son of Hagar. In the previous generation their prophet Muhammad had endowed them with little more than “a sort of elementary religious literacy” and a wish, as descendants of Hagar, to partake in the religious life of the Jews and Christians of the settled provinces of the Near East.

According to Crone and Cook, Islam proper came into existence after the conquests, more than a generation after the death of the Prophet in 632, at a time when the Arabs found themselves in close contact with the settled population of Syria, and especially with the Jewish and Christian populations there....

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Reply #10975 - September 25, 2023, 09:10 PM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mn4Ch4jhK5s

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Reply #10976 - September 26, 2023, 06:11 PM

"What is the Kaaba? Perspectives from the Early Islamic Period," by Sean Anthony
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDfL5Ooc1qY

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Reply #10977 - September 27, 2023, 08:05 PM

I'm doubtful about the Islamic Origins youtube channel but it does have these interviews with Robert Kerr.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4r-t7_rC4w https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43945UBtimY

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Reply #10978 - September 27, 2023, 08:11 PM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSAhj9H_xa4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npBKOjQt1Co https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfjHSwLTzOA

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Reply #10979 - September 28, 2023, 06:45 PM

Quote from: zeca on September 25, 2023, 09:10 PM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mn4Ch4jhK5s

MVP is from Muslim background. I think everything is clear now.
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Topic: Qur'anic studies today

zeca

Reply #10950 - September 04, 2023, 06:26 AM

zeca

Reply #10951 - September 04, 2023, 06:39 AM

zeca

Reply #10952 - September 04, 2023, 06:46 AM

zeca

Reply #10953 - September 04, 2023, 07:21 AM

zeca

Reply #10954 - September 04, 2023, 07:52 AM

Altara

Reply #10955 - September 05, 2023, 12:12 AM

Altara

Reply #10956 - September 05, 2023, 12:22 AM

Altara

Reply #10957 - September 05, 2023, 12:23 AM

Altara

Reply #10958 - September 05, 2023, 12:37 AM

zeca

Reply #10959 - September 05, 2023, 07:10 AM

zeca

Reply #10960 - September 05, 2023, 08:04 AM

zeca

Reply #10961 - September 05, 2023, 09:22 AM

zeca

Reply #10962 - September 06, 2023, 03:55 PM

zeca

Reply #10963 - September 06, 2023, 08:10 PM

zeca

Reply #10964 - September 06, 2023, 09:13 PM

Altara

Reply #10965 - September 06, 2023, 10:47 PM

zeca

Reply #10966 - September 15, 2023, 09:21 PM

zeca

Reply #10967 - September 15, 2023, 10:23 PM

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Reply #10970 - September 15, 2023, 11:07 PM

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Reply #10972 - September 16, 2023, 12:27 PM

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Reply #10974 - September 19, 2023, 11:15 AM

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Reply #10976 - September 26, 2023, 06:11 PM

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