Here's a bunch of good links.
Best article on Qur'anic Arabic and Syriac, by Guillaume Dye:
http://www.academia.edu/4730102/Traces_of_Bilingualism_Multilingualism_in_Quranic_ArabicIncredible article by Donner on what "Furqan" actually means.
http://www.academia.edu/1013511/Quranic_FurqanGerd Puin on the use of the alif in early Qur'anic orthography (a must-read for those interested in Qur'anic orthography -- a much more polished final version of this article is published in the book "Qur'an in its Historical Context 2":
http://quranconference.nd.edu/assets/11215/the_alif_in_the_qur_an_short.pdfCrone and the End of Orientalism, by Chase Robinson -- laying out the death of traditional Orientalist views, and the triumph of Crone in Qur'anic studies.
http://chaserobinson.net/files/2013/09/Crone-and-the-end-of-Orientalism.pdfA fantastic overview of contemporary scholarship on Early Islam:
http://www.4enoch.org/wiki3/index.php?title=Category:Early_Islamic_StudiesThe "Semitic Languages" section of academia.edu, often updated with great new articles.
http://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semitic_languagesGrammatical errors in the Qur'an (for fun):
http://answering-islam.org/Authors/Newton/grammar.htmlEarly Qur'anic manuscripts and their contents -- Islamic Awareness provides a great resource:
http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/Mss/hijazi.htmlThe earliest Arabic texts, inscriptions, and coins -- which are notable for the lack of Qur'an, Islam, or Mohammed until incredibly late, and also notable for being located in Syria/Jordan rather than the Hijaz (again, courtesy of Islamic Awareness):
http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Papyri/http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Coins/Bell's introduction to the Qur'an.
http://www.truthnet.org/islam/Watt/Introduction.htmlOnline corpus of Ancient North Arabian inscriptions:
http://krc.orient.ox.ac.uk/ociana/index.php/home/146-english/home/356-epigraphic-old-arabicMacDonald on Ancient Arabia and the written word:
http://krc.orient.ox.ac.uk/resources/ociana/publications/ancient_arabia_written_word.pdfLanguage and style of the Qur'an by Gilliot and Larcher (must read!):
http://www.academia.edu/8087871/_Language_and_style_of_the_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n_Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur_%C4%81n_EQ_III_Leyde_Brill_2003_p._109-35_by_Claude_Gilliot_and_Pierre_Larcher_Good summary of some of the older theories on the origins and development of Arabic:
http://www.innerbrat.org/andyf/articles/diglossia/hist_arab.htmHow to write in Aramaic script for fun and profit:
http://www.nativlang.com/aramaic-language/aramaic-writing.php#h31Premare on the composition and assembly of the Qur'an (a vital read):
http://cairn-int.info/article-E_MEDIU_003_0003--the-quran-or-the-making-of-the-uncreated.htmJeffrey on variant Qur'an codices:
http://books.google.com/books?id=17kUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=ibn+nadim+quran&source=bl&ots=TOq1UTqtDm&sig=koNFSFarAyuiueOOsErcy1Uom1Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fv0-VNS1KIz7oQSUy4CwAQ&ved=0CCAQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=ibn%20nadim%20quran&f=falseGood compilation on the 'other side' of Islamic tradition about the compilation of the Qur'an, with all the many traditional mentions of suppression, variation, forgotten verses, and variant codices:
http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/shamoun/quran_compilation.html
Topic: (Sticky) Compendium of Scholarly Articles and Resources on Early Islam