Mohsen Goudarzi - The Qur'an's Cultic Trinity: Marian Piety in Late Antiquity and the Qur'an
https://www.academia.edu/122016752/The_Qurans_Cultic_Trinity_Marian_Piety_in_Late_Antiquity_and_the_QuranHowever, the suggestion that Mary was divinized next to Christ is difficult to explain in the light of Christian doctrine. As far as we know, all Christian groups of Late Antiquity viewed the Holy Spirit, and not Mary, as the third person of the Trinity. Why, then, do the above-cited passages from the fifth surah claim that Mary was divinized? And why does no qur’anic text criticize the inclusion of the Holy Spirit within the Trinity?
This study argues that answers to these questions may be found by attention to the realms of worship and liturgy rather than official theology. The Qur’an speaks of the divinization of Mary, and conversely makes no reference to that of the Holy Spirit, probably because it was referring primarily to the practical worship of its Christian interlocutors, not their abstract dogma. Many Christian communities of the Late Antique Near East endowed Mary with an elaborate cult and made her a central recipient of religious devotion, by constructing churches and monasteries in her honor, bringing offerings to these churches and monasteries, celebrating feast days to commemorate different moments of her life, performing the Eucharist on these feasts, making use of Marian icons, seeking her intercession, and believing in her miraculous protection—a complex of activities that could be seen as de facto divinization of Mary—while the Holy Spirit occupied a less prominent role in their practical, communal piety.