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 Topic: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians

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  • Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     OP - January 11, 2012, 02:41 PM

    Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians  And central Asia..

    Quote
    1500 BC: the Jewish patriarch Abraham (Ibrahim) founds the shrine of Mecca ("kaaba") (that is questionable..yeezevee)
    853BC: First reference to Arabs in an Assyrian inscription
    200BC: Mao-tun unites the Turkic-speaking Huns (Xiongnu, Hsiung-nu) in Central Asia around Lake Bajkal and southeastern Mongolia
    121BC: China defeats the Huns
    275 AD: the Lakhmids of Hira (on the Euphrates) are vassals of the Sassanids
    300: "qasida" poems
    350: the Aramaic-speaking Nabataeans (Jordan) develop the Arabic script
    460:
    460: Persian king Firuz persecutes Jews, who emigrate to Arabia
    500: southern Arabia is ruled by a Jewish kingdom
    500: northern Arabia is ruled by the Kinda
    500: the Arabs of Najran (southern Arabia) convert to Christianity
    504: Mundhir III becomes king of the Lakhmids of Hira
    512: First recorded inscription in Arabic
    522: the Jewish Himyarite king of Yemen persecutes the Christians, which ask the Ethiopians for help
    523: the Himyarites defeat the Ethiopians and massacre the Christians of Najran
    525: the Jewish king Dhu Nuwas of Yemen dies and Yemen becomes an Ethiopian (Christian) colony
    528: Harith ibn 'Amr (Arethas) king of Kinda dies
    547: Abyssinian general Abreha proclaims himself king of southern Arabia
    552: Turkic people led by Tumin destroy the Juan-juan (Avars) and establish the Turkic Khaganate in Central Asia
    553: Tumin dies and the Turkic Khaganate splits into Western and Eastern Khanates
    554: Mundhir III is defeated by the Byzantine phylarch Ghassanid Harith IV ibn Jabala
    567: the western Turkic Khaganate invades Transoxania
    570: Christian Ethiopia tries to capture Mecca but is defeated by the Arabs
    575: Yemen becomes a Sassanid province under Chrosroes II
    602: the Lakhmid dynasty of Hira ends
    603: the western Turkic Khaganate self-destroys in a civil war
    608: the Kaaba is erected in Mecca, a granite cube to enclose a black meteorite stone, a shrine to numerous Arabian tribal gods

     That is before Islam.. Clearly it is debatable..


    Quote
    610: Muhammad (Mohammed) of the Quraysh family preaches a new religion, Islam, in Mecca, which is at the time a model of religious tolerance (all gods are allowed)
    615: Muslims travel to Ethiopia
    622: Mohammed and his followers ("Muslims") migrate ("heijra") to Yathrib, which is renamed Medina
    624: Mohammed (in his fifties) marries Aisha, a six-year old child, one of his many wives
    627: Mohammed kills 700 Jews of the tribe of Qurayza
    628: Yemen converts to Islam
    629: Mohammed wins the battle of Khaybar and beheads all the Jews
    630: The warriors of Mohammed conquer Mecca and establish the first religious dictatorship in the world, banning all other gods
    630: The eastern Turkic Khaganate is conquered by China
    632: The Muslim army conquers the Arabian peninsula
    632: Mohammed delivers his last sermon on Mount Arafat
    632: Mohamed dies having created a kingdom in the central Arabian peninsula

    That is during the times of Prophet of Islam...



    That little boy has done great job at his web site on the history and events around the world., Click him to visit his site.. , also this link History in connection with violent expansion of Islambit  more expanded View of Islamic history., But one must realize ..NOTHING IS UNQUESTIONABLE ..

    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #1 - January 11, 2012, 02:44 PM

    Quote
    632: The Shiites, or Partisans of Ali, claim that Ali should succeed Mohammed based on blood relation, but the council of the elderly (Sunnites) choses instead Abu Bakr
    632: Abu Bakr, one of Mohammed's followers and the first Muslim caliph ("prophet's successor"), quells upheavals throughout Arabia and declares war on the Roman (Byzantine) and Persian (Sassanid) empires
    633: Abu Bakr conquers southern Mesopotamia
    634: Abu Bakr defeats Byzantium in Palestine
    634: Abu Bakr dies and is  succeeded by Umar ibn Abn Khattab

    636: The Arabs capture Jerusalem
    637: the Arabs capture Seleucia-Ctesiphon and the Sassanid empire ends
    639: the Arabs conquer Syria (mainly Nestorian) from Byzantium
    642: the Arabs conquer Egypt (mainly monophysite) from Byzantium, destroy the library of Alexandria and found the first mosque in Africa, Amr Ebn El Aas Mosque (the site of future Cairo)
    642: Oldest extant manuscript in Arabic (with disambiguation dots)
    644: Umar is murdered and is succeeded by Uthman ibn Affan, a Quraysh

    647: the Arabs expand in nothern Africa
    649: the Arabs attack Byzantium on the sea and conquer Cyprus
    650: the Arabs conquer the whole of Persia
    650: Youstol Dispage Fromscaruffi dies
    655: the text of the Quran/Koran is finalized
    656: Uthman is murdered and is succeeded by Ali (cousin and son-in-law of Mohammed), the first "imam" of Shiah (and only one to become also caliph), who moves the capital from Medina to Kufa

    661: Ali is murdered and is succeeded as caliph by Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, first of the Umayyads and first caliph not to be an early follower of Mohammed, and by Hasan as imam

    661: Mu'awiya moves the capital to Damascus (in Syria rather than Arabia) and creates an army of paid mercenaries
    662: Ziyad ibn Abihi is appointed governor of Iraq (Basra) and the former Sassanid provinces
    664: the Arabs conquer Afghanistan
    669: Hasan dies and Hussein becomes imam
    670: the Arabs led by Uqba ibn Nafi fight the Berbers in northern Africa
    670: the Arabs found Qayrawan in Tunisia
    680: Mu'awiya dies and the shiite pretendent to the Caliphate, Husayn/Hussein, Ali's son and Mohammed's grandson, is assassinated by sunnite troops of Mu'awiya's son Yazid in Karbala


    That is the time line of first four Islamic Caliphs..


    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #2 - January 11, 2012, 02:46 PM

    And wars & wars & wars..
    Quote
    682: the eastern Turkic Khaganate regain independence from China under Kutluk
    685: Abd Malik becomes caliph and introduces administrative reforms (Arabic language as the official language, coins with Islamic verses)
    691: the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is the oldest evidence of the Quran
    692: Hajjaj ibn Yusuf captures Mecca and ends the anti-caliphate of Abdallah ibn Zubayr (shiite)
    694: Tugluk's brother Khapghan extend the Turkic empire over Transoxania, thus unifying eastern and western Turks
    695: the Arabs build the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (with the first inscription from the Koran)
    696: Arabic becomes the official language of the Islamic world
    697: the Arabs force the Persians to abandon the Pahlavi alphabet in favor of the Arabic script
    698: the Arabs recapture Carthage and found Tunis
    700: Hasan Basri preaches virtue, mortification, prayer, purity of heart to attain knowledge of God

    705: caliph Walid I
    708: Arabs led by Musa ibn-Nusayr conquer Tangiers (Morocco) and subdue the Berbers
    709: Qutayba ibn Muslim invades Central Asia (Merv, Bukhara, Samarkand)
    TM, ®, Copyright © 2005 Piero Scaruffi All rights reserved.
    709: the Al Aqsa mosque is built in Jerusalem
    710: a mosque is built in Damascus
    711: Tariq ibn Ziyad conquers southern Spain from the Visigoths of king Roderic (with help from the Jews) and Cordoba becomes the residence of the Arab governor
    712: a Berber army under Tariq ibn Ziyad conquers southern Spain from the Visigoths and Cordoba becomes the residence of the Arab governor
    712: the first mosque is built in Bukhara, which will become the second holiest city in Islam after Mecca
    715: calip Sulayman besieges Byzantium
    715: a mosque is built in Aleppo
    712: the Arabs, led by Kutayba ben Muslim, conquer Transoxania and convert the Turks to Islam
    715: Qutayba dies and Muslim expansion in Central Asia comes to an end
    720: the Zayids do not recognize the imam Baqir and cause a split within the shiites
    720: the Arabs capture Narbonne
    725: the Arabs capture Carcassonne
    728: caliph Hisham attacks the Franks at Tours and Poitiers

    732: the Muslim invasion of Europe is stopped by the Franks at the battle of Tours
    737: the Arabs capture Provence
    740: the Shias of Yemen split from the main Shia tradition claiming that Zayd was the rightful fifth imam instead of Muhammad al Baqir
    744: the Turkic empire self-destroys again in a civil war
    749: Abu 'l-'Abbas Saffah, whose army is led by the Persian general Abu Muslim Khorasani, replaces the Umayyad dynasty with the Abbasid dynasty
    751: the Arabs defeat the Chinese at the battle of the Talas River


    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #3 - January 11, 2012, 02:56 PM

    And wars and wars and wars
    Quote
    751: the Arabs acquire the knowledge of paper from the Chinese (first paper mill in the Islamic world founded in Samarkand)
    752: the Franks under Pippin expel the Arabs from Provence
    756: the last surviving member of the Umayyad dynasty flees to Spain, establishing himself as Cabd al-Rahman I of Spain, which becomes a separate emirate
    750: the Ibadis believe that that the most worthy person should be imam and found an imamate in Oman
    759: the Muslim army is expelled from France
    760: the Islails do not recognize the seventh imam Musa Kazim and cause another split within the shiites
    762: the Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur moves the capital from Damascus to Baghdad, built near the old Sassanid capital, Ctesiphon
    775: Al-Mansur dies
    777: Ibadis form an imamate in western Algeria with capital in Tahart
    778: Charlemagne attacks the Muslims and invades northeastern Spain but is defeated
    785: the Great Mosque at Cordoba
    786: Harun Rashid becomes caliph
    790: Idris, a descendant of Ali, conquers Morocco and founds the Idrisid dynasty
    793: Sibawayh formalizes the Arabic language
    793: caliph Haroun-el-Raschid establishes paper factory in Baghdad
    800: Arab merchants travel to China
    800: Shafi preaches that God's will is manifested both by the Koran and by the "sunna" (the practice of Mohammed embodied in "hadiths")
    800: the Aghlabids in Tunisia become virtually independent
    801: Charlemagne's son Louis captures Barcelona from the Arabs, creating the Spanish March along the Pyrenees (Aragonia and Catalonia)
    809: Harun Rashid dies, after expanding the caliphate from Gibraltar to the Indu river
    819: the Samanids in Khurasan (Transoxania) become virtually independent
    822: Abd al Rahman II becomes the Arab emir of Spain and begins construction of the Alcazar of Sevilla
    825: caliph Al-Mamun sponsors translations of Greek classics into Arabic, and founds the first madrasa (a "house of wisdom" in Baghdad)
    825: the Arab mathematician Al Khwarizmi of Baghdad writes a book on "Hindu numerals" that spreads the use of "Arabic" numerals
    827: an Arab tribe, the Saracens, invade Sicily
    830: Ahmad ibn Hanbal: strict obedience to the Koran and the Hadith
    833: Sultan al-Mutasim creates a regiment of Turkish slaves
    840: the sufist Muhasibi preaches the path to truth
    840: Islamic philosophy is founded by Kindi
    840: Sibovayh, a Persian scholar, codifies the Arabic grammar and writes the first Arabic dictionary
    846: the Uighurs state collapses and the Karakhanid state is founded in Transoxania
    849: caliph al-Mutawakkil deposes the patriarch of the Eastern Christian Church and persecutes Christians
    878: the Muslims conquer all of Sicily
    930: the philosopher Farabi reconciles the philosopher's logic and religion as a symbolic system to express truth to non-philosophers
    850: Hunayn ibn Ishaq translates Greek classics
    850: the Persian mathematician Khwarazmi founds Algebra and invents the Arabix numerals
    870: Bukhari collects and classifies the "hadiths"
    867: the Saffarids (shiite) in eastern Persia become virtually independent with capital in Zaranj (Afghanistan)
    868: Ahmad ibn Tulun proclaims Egypt independent and founds the Tulunid dynasty
    873: the Samanids (sunni), with capital in Bukhara, rule over Transoxania
    874: the twelfth imam disappears
    877: Ahmad ibn Tulun, govemor of Egypt, invades Syria
    878: the Arabs capture Sicily and make Palermo their capital
    879: the Safarid ruler Yaqub Leys revolts against the Arabs and unifies most of Persia
    880: the Abbasid dynasty is replaced in Egypt by a Turkic dynasty
    890: the Abbasids suppress the imamate of Oman
    899: the Samanids defeat the Saffarids and expand their empire to Persia but adopt the Persian language

    900: the sufist Junayd preaches the ecstasy of enlightment
    909: the Ibadi imamate of Tahart (Algeria) dissolves
    910: Ubaydullah, a descendant of Ali and Fatima (Mohammed's daughter) and an imam, conquers Tunisia and founds the Fatimid dynasty

    912: the Umayyad ruler of Spain, Abd Rahman III, assumes the title of caliph, declaring Spain independent
    922: the sufist Hallaj is executed in Baghdad for heresy ("I am the truth")
    932: the Turkic Qarakhanid dynasty is founded in Kashgar
    942: the Samanids expands in Central Asia (Bukhara, Samarkand, Herat) and move their capital to Bukhara, which becomes one of the cultural centers of the Muslim world
    945: the Buyids (shiite) descend from the Caspian Sea, and invade Persia
    949: Adud Dawla of the Buyid dynasty adopts the Persian imperial title shah
    950: Pahlavi, the language of Persia, is reformed according to the Arabic script
    955: the Karakhanid state converts to Islam
    961: Al-Hakam II al Mustansir becomes caliph of Spain and fosters scientific and philosophical studies
    962: the Ghaznavid kingdom is founded in Afghanistan (at Ghazni) by Alp-tegin, a Turkic slave soldier of the Samanids
    969: the Fatimids (shiites) conquer Egypt and establish the Fatimid caliphate (shiite)
    972: a fire kills 17,000 people in Baghdad
    973: the Fatimids move their capital to the newly-founded city of Cairo (Qahira)
    976: Hisham II al Muayyad becomes caliph of Spain and orders the destruction of books of astronomy and logic because heretic
    977: the Buyid shah Adud Dawla conquers Baghdad and seizes effective control of the caliphate from the Abbasids
    977: Sebaktigin, king of the Ghaznavid kingdom, invades northern India and Central Asia

    985: the Turkic-speaking Seljuks (led by Seljuk) invade Transoxania (Ilkhan) and convert to sunnite Islam
    995: Gurgandj (Kunya-Urgench, Turkmenistan) becomes the capital of the Khorezmshakh state
    999: the Ghaznavids of Afghanistan defeat the Samanids of Persia in Khurasan and the Qarakhanids seize Bukhara
    1000: Timbuktu is founded in Africa by Muslim traders
    1016: Pisa and Genoa defeat the Arabs in the Tyrrhenian Sea



    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #4 - January 11, 2012, 02:56 PM

    And wars and wars and wars...
    Quote
    1020: the philosopher Ibn Sina Avicenna writes the Canon of Medicine
    1030: Mahmud Ghazni dies and the Ghaznavid empire declines
    1031: the Umayyad caliphate collapses and Muslim Spain splits into the Taifa kingdoms (Sevilla, Toledo, Saragossa, Granada)
    1038: the Seljuks, led by Toghrul Beg, defeat the Ghaznavids at Dandanaqan (near Merv)
    1042: the Seljuks conquer Khorezm
    1055: the Seljuks (sunni) defeat the Buyids (shiite), invade Mesopotamia and install themselves in Baghdad under the suzerainty of the Abbasids
    1062: the Almoravids, a militant Berber party of strict Muslims, conquer Morocco and establish their capital at Marrakesh
    1064: the Seljuk king Alp Arslan moves the capital to Ray (Tehran)
    1064: the Seljuks invade Armenia
    1066: On 30 December 1066 , Muslim mobs  Kills 4000 or so Jews in Granada, Spain.., Muslimstormed the royal palace where Joseph had sought refuge, then crucified him. History tells  on that day More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day."

    1071: the Seliuqs defeat the Byzantine army at the battle of Malazgird, capture Jerusalem and establishing a sultanate in central Anatolia
    1072: the Seliuqs move the capital from Ray (Tehran) to Isfahan
    1073: the Seliuqs defeat the Qarakhanids, taking Bukhara and Samarkand
    1076: the Seliuqs invade Syria and Palestine
    1076: the Almoravids defeat the kingdom of Ghana
    1083: Alfonso VI of Castilla defeats the Arabs at Toledo
    1090: Hasan ibn al-Sabbah acquires the mountain fortress of Alamut, assumes the title of Sheikh al-Jabal and founds the Empire of the Assassins
    1091: the Normans conquer Sicily
    1092: Mohammed I ibn Malikshah dies and the Seliuq empire breaks up into independent kingdoms in Iran, Iraq, Syria and Anatolia (Rum)
    1096: the Pope launches the first Crusade to conquer Jerusalem



    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #5 - January 11, 2012, 03:11 PM

    Quote
    1097: the Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon capture Jerusalem
    1100: Ghazali and "kalam" (rational theology)
    1175: Ibn Rushd Averroes proclaims the two truths (religion for the uneducated masses and philosophy for the educated elite)
    1118: Arabs import gunpowder from China (a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur and charcoal) and arms and artillery are invented
    1130: rise of the Almohad dynasty in Algeria, founded by Muhammad ibn Tumart
    1141: the Karakitai defeat the Seljuqs at the battle of Qatwan, thus destroying Seljuq power in Central Asia
    1144: the Muslims captures Edessa and destroy the oldest Crusader state
    1146: the Almohads, led by Abdul-Mu'min, conquer Morocco from the Almoravids and cause the collapse of the Almoravid dynasty
    1150: the Almohads conquer Spain
    1152: the Almohads conquer Algeria from the Almoravids
    1153: the Khwarazmis (Turkish mercenaries) conquer Persia from the Seljuqs
    1158: the Almohads conquer Tunisia from the Almoravids
    1169: Saladin Ayubbid, a Kurdish general, ends the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt and founds the Ayubbid dynasty
    1172: the Almohads conquer Andalucia from the Almoravids and move the capital to Sevilla
    1174: Saladin takes Damascus from the Syrian ruler
    1175: the Ghaznavid state is absorbed into the Ghurid empire, which is also Turkic-speaking
    1176: Byzanthium is defeated by the Turks of Rum at Myriokephalon
    1187: Saladin retakes Palestine and Jerusalem
    1192: Saladin signs an armstice with King Richard I of England tha grants the Christians a small kingdom outside Jerusalem
    1193: Saladin's brother Malik Adil becomes sultan of Egypt and Syria
    1194: the Seljuqs conquer Anatolia
    1194: the last Persian Seljuq ruler dies and Seljuq power collapses in Iran
    1195: Alfonso VIII of Castilla is defeated by the Almohads at Alarcos
    1196: the Marinid dynasty takes over Morocco
    [size=31200: the sufist Ibn Arabi preaches pantheism (only god exists)[/size]
    1200: Ali ad-Din Muhammad becomes shah of the Khwarizm/Khwarezmian empire that extends from Uzbekistan to Persia
    1212: the Christian kings of Spain defeat the Almohads at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
    1220: the Mongols invade Transoxania (Bukhara and Samarkand) and Iran/Persia
    1228: the Hafsid dynasty takes over Tunisia
    1241: Batu's younger brother Shayban raids Hungary and then splits, establishing the Shaybanid Horde
    1243: the Mongols conquer the Seljuk Rum state in Anatolia
    1248: Ferdinand III of Castilla conquers Sevilla, capital of the Almohads, and the Almohads are left with the state of Granada
    1249: the Mamlukes defeat the French in Egypt and capture the king of France
    1250: The Mamluks of Egypt (Turkish "military slaves") overthrow the sultan and install a woman, Shajar al-Durr, widow of a former sultan, as the new sultan, thus terminating the Ayyubid dynasty and starting the Mamluk dynasty, and she is forced to marry Izz al-Din Aybak and abdicate to him after just 80 days, while the Syrians under al Nasir reject her authority and declare their independence and obtain Jerusalem
    1250: the Alhambra is built in Granada
    1256: Hulagu's Mongol army destroy the Assassins' castles
    1257: Shajar-al-Durr of Egypt is killed by the palace concubines after she murders Izz al-Din Aybak
    1258: Hulegu's Mongols destroy the Abbasid caliphate of Baghdad (killing 800,000 people including the last Abbasid caliph), conquer Persia, Mesopotamia and Syria and establish an Ilkhanate with capital in Baghdad
    1259: the Mamluk commander Muzaffar Sayf-al-Din Kutuz/Qutuz seizes power in Egypt after Shajar is murdered
    1260: Kutuz's Mamluks led by general al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars defeat the Christian army of the Mongols at the battle of Ain Jalut and annex Syria
    1260: Kutuz is assassinated and succeeded by his general al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars as leader of Mamluk Egypt that turns Egypt-Syria into the most powerful Islamic state
    1262: Berke's Mongols ally with Baybars' Egypt against Hulegu's Mongols
    1263: the Mongol leader Hulegu assumes the title of "Ilkhan" as ruler of Persia
    1269: collapse of the Almohad dynasty in Algeria and rise of the Marinids in Morocco
    1271: prince Edward of England allies with Abaka's Mongols but they are defeated by Baybars' Mamluks
    1274: the Persian astronomer Nasir Al-Din Tusi builds the Maraghah observatory
    1279: Qalaun succeeds Kutuz as leader of Mamluk Egypt
    1282: the new Shaybanid khan Uzbek converts the Shaybanid horde to Islam and his horde becomes known as the Uzbeks
    1291: the last Christian stronghold in Palestine (Acre) falls to the Mamluks
    1294: Kublai Khan dies and the empire fragments in khanates, one of them being the Ilkhanate, descendants of Hulegu, with capital in Tabriz
    1295: Ghazan, the Ilkhan, converts to Islam, and the Ilkhanate becomes a sultanate
    1300: Ibn Taymiyya criticizes sufism
    1301: Osman founds the Ottoman dynasty in Anatolia
    1301: Shaykh Safi al-Din, founder of the Safavid dynasty, founds a sufi order in Azerbaijan
    1313: warlord Uzbek leads a group of Islamic Mongols in Central Asia
    1326: the Ottomans led by Orhan take Bursa and make it their capital
    1331: the Ottomans conquer Nicaea
    1335: Abu Said dies and the Ilkhanate disintegrates
    1342: Shaybanid khan Uzbek dies
    1350: Ibn Battuta travels from Tangier to China
    1350: the Sheybanid horde (southeast of the Urals) renames itself Uzbek
    1354: the Ottomans occupy Gallipoli, first outpost in Europe
    1361: the Ottomans led by Murad I conquer Adrianopole, change its name to Edirne and make it their capital
    1362: Murad succeeds Orhan as sultan of the Ottomans
    1365: the turkic-speaking Timur overthrow the Chaghatai khanate and conquers Iran (Persia), the old Ilkhanate, establishing his capital in Samarkand
    1389: the Ottomans defeat Serbia at the battle of Kosovo but the Serbs kill Murad
    1393: the Ottomans, under Murad's son Bayazid I, conquer Bulgaria and Wallachia
    1393: Ottoman sultan Bayezid I, son of Murad, besieges Constantinople
    1400: Timur lays siege to Damascus
    1402: Timur defeats the Ottomans at Ankara and captures Ottoman sultan Beyazid I who dies in captivity
    1413: Timur's empire collapses and the Ottomans, led by Bayazid's son Mehmet I, recover their terroritories
    Quote
    1439: Ottomans under Murad II annex Serbia
    1440: Ottomans under Murad II besiege Belgrade
    1444: Ottomans under Murad II defeat the crusaders at the battle of Varna
    1444: Muhammad/Mehmet II succeeds Murad II
    1451: Muhammad Shaybani becomes the khan of the Uzbeks
    1453: the Ottoman Turks under Mehmet II capture Constantinople/Byzantium and rename it Istanbul
    1460: the Ottomans conquer Greece and Serbia
    1461: the Ottomans conquer Trebizond
    1462: Vlad IV of Walachia is defeated by the Ottomans sultan Mehmet II

    1465: end of the Marinid dynasty in Morocco, replaced by the Wattasids
    1465: Arabs riot and massacre more than 1,000 Jews in Fes, Morocco


    well that is life in Islam..

    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #6 - January 11, 2012, 04:19 PM

    i have to keep this .. thanks yeezevee!!
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #7 - January 11, 2012, 05:04 PM

    Wars and wars and wars ..  Nothing but wars  nessrriinn   lol


    Quote
    1466: part of the Golden Horde splits off to form the Khanate of Astrakhan, that rules over Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan
    1468: the Kazaks split from the Uzbeks, who become Shaybanid with capital in Bukhara (descendants of Shayban, grandson of Genghis Khan)
    1475: the world's first coffee shop, "Kiva Han", opens in Istanbul
    1479: Venezia loses most of her territories along the Aegean Sea to the Ottomans
    1481: Mehmet II dies and is succeeded by BAyazid II
    1488: Moroccans invade the African kingdom of Mali
    1492: the Christian kingdoms reconquer all of Spain
    1492: the Ottoman Empire gives asylum to the Sephardic Jews expelled from the Christian kingdoms of Spain
    1497: Babur, a descendant of both Genghis Khan and Timur, becomes the ruler of Ferghana and founds the Mughal (Mogul) dynasty
    1500: the Uzbeks cross the Syr Darya river and enter Transoxiana
    1505: the Shaybanid Horde (Uzbeks) under Muhammad Shaybani expel the Timurids from Transoxiana and capture Samarkand
    1506: the Uzbek Shaybanids capture Bukhara (Uzbekistan) and Herat (Afghanistan), bringing to an end the Timurid dynasty
    1510: the Uzbek khan Muhammad Shaybani dies in battle against the Safavids at Merv
    1511: the Marinid dynasty collapses in Morocco and is succeeded by the Sadid synasty
    1512: Selim I become Ottoman sultan
    1514: the Ottomans of Selim I defeat Shah Ismail I Safavid army at Chaldiran (Iran/Persia) thereby conquering Arabia
    1514: the first book in Arabic (a book of Christian prayers) is published in Italy
    1516: the Ottomans of Selim I defeat the Mamluks and annex Syria, Palestine, Egypt and western Arabia (end of the Mamluk empire)
    1520: Selim dies and Suleyman becomes the ruler of the Ottoman empire
    1521: the Ottomans under Suleyman capture Belgrade
    1522: Babur captures Afghanistan
    1522: the Ottomans under Suleyman capture Rhodos
    1526: Babur captures Delhi and founds the Mogul empire in India
    1526: the Hungarian army is defeated at the battle of Mohacs by the Ottomans of Suleyman and Hungary is partitioned between the Ottoman Empire and the Hapsburgs, with Hungary proper under Ottoman occupation, Transylvania as a Turkish protectorate and Slovakia is annexed by the Hapsburg Monarchy
    1529: the Ottomans besiege Wien (Vienna)
    1534: the Ottomans capture Baghdad
    1538: Abdullah Shaybanid II expands the Shaybanid (Uzbek) empire and moves the capital to Bukhara
    1549: Muhammad al-Shaikh conquers Wattasid Morocco
    1550: the mosque of Sultan Syleyman in Istanbul
    1555: the Ottoman empire conquers Mesopotamia from the Safavid empire with the Peace of Amasya
    1566: Suleyman dies


    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #8 - January 11, 2012, 05:17 PM

    Wars and wars and wars ..  Nothing but wars  nessrriinn .. Gosh   YOU ARE A KILLER with pen and words..
    Quote
    1571: the Ottomans conquer Cyprus from Venezia
    1571: in the battle of Lepanto an army formed by the Pope, Spain, Venezia and Genova destroys the Ottoman navy, thus halting Ottoman expansion in the Mediterranean
    1574: the Hafsid dynasty collapses in Tunisia and is replaced by the Ottomans
    1578: Peace reached between Spain and Ottoman empire
    1580: Ottoman sultan Mourad III and Felipe II of Spain sign a treaty dividing spheres of influence in the Mediterranean
    1587: Safavid king Shah Abbas I creates a gunpowder-based military force
    1591: Morocco under Ahmad al-Mansur captures the Kingdom of Songhai (Timbuktu) at the battle of Tondibi
    1598: Abdullah Shaybanid II of the Uzbeks dies and the Astrakhanid dynasty inherits power in Transoxiana, retaining the capital at Bukhara
    1619: the Shaybanid (Uzbek) khan Yalangtush Bahador begins construction of the Sher Dor madrasa in Samarkand's Registan
    1623: the Safavids capture Baghdad from the Ottomans
    1628: the Sadid dynasty collapses in Morocco and is succeeded by the Alawis
    163#: the Oyrats conquer the Kazaks
    1638: the Ottomans capture Baghdad from the Safavids
    1646: the Uzbeks begin construction of the Tilla Kari madrasa in Samarkand's Registan
    1665: Sabbatai Sevi is recognized by the Jews of Palestine as the Messiah but is then forced by the Ottoman sultan to convert to Islam
    1682: beginning of the Hundred Year War between the Hapsburg monarchy and the Ottoman empire
    1683: the Ottomans besiege Vienna again but are defeated by a Polish-Lithuanian army and their decline begins
    1686: the Otto mans are ejected from Budapest
    1687: the Parthenon of Athens is destroyed in an explosion
    1699: the Ottomans lose Hungary to the Holy Roman Empire ("Treaty of Carlowitz")
    1672: the Alawi sultan Mawlay Ismail of Morocco reforms government

    1727: first printing press in the Islamic world (IStanbul)
    1729: the first book is published in the Ottoman empire (the first book ever published in a Muslim country)
    1731: Russians help the Kazaks against the Oyrats and de facto annexes Kazakstan
    1736: The last Safavid dies and Nadir proclaims himself the new shah of Iran/Persia
    1749: the Ibadis establish the kingdom of Oman, run by the Al Bu Said dynasty
    1750: Abd Wahab preaches in Arabia a return to Ibn Hanbal (strict obedience to the Koran and the Hadith)
    1756: the Sabah family seizes power in Kuwait, a principality of the Ottoman empire
    1760: Abd Wahab allies with Muhammad Ibn Saud of Diriyya and founds the Saudi state in Arabia
    1768: Ottoman-Russian war
    1774: The Russians defeat the Ottomans and obtain cities of the Black Sea and Caucasus, the first tiime that the Ottoman Empire loses Muslim subjects to a Christian power
    1776: Timur Shah Durrani moves the Durrani capital from Kandahar to Kabul
    1785: Ali Burzi Pasha of Libya massacres hundreds of Jews

    yep   kill juice program.. never forget that & never stop that.,

    And..  and continuously preach that to children

    Boy look at her eyes ..when she says "Allah".. She looks as if she is having orgasm..

    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #9 - January 11, 2012, 07:55 PM

    Wars and wars and wars., there is no way we can live with them in 21st century..
    Quote
    1787: The Ottomans declare war on Russia, with Sweden supporting the Ottomans and Austria supporting Russia
    1789: The new Moroccan ruler Yazid massacres Jews in Tetouan
    1792: Russia defeats the Ottomans and obtains Southern Ukraine
    1793: the Ottoman sultan Selim III proclaims the "new order"
    1798: Napoleon attempts to conquer Egypt from the Ottomans
    1801: Thomas Jefferson orders the bombing of the barbary states of Algiers, Morocco, Tunis and Tripoli after Yusuf Karamanli, the ruler of Tripoli, demands ransom from the USA
    1804: Serbia's Karageorge leads an uprising against the Ottoman Empire
    1804: Muslim Wahabis of the Saudi state capture Mecca and Medina
    1805: Mehemet Ali, an Albanian Turk, becomes the Ottoman governor of Egypt
    1805: Jews are massacred in Algeria
    1808: the Serbs revolt against the Ottomans
    1808: Ottoman emperor Mahmud II launches western-style reforms
    1811: Ottoman governor Mehemet Ali destroys the Mamluk army and seizes control of Egypt, but the Egyptian rulers maintain power on Sudan
    1812: the Russians defeat the Ottomans and annex Bessarabia
    1815: Second Serbian uprising against the Ottomans
    1821: Greece begins an independence war against the Ottomans
    1822: Egyptian ruler Mehemet Ali conquers Sudan on behalf of the Ottoman empire
    1823: Egyptian ruler Mehemet Ali conquers Crete
    1823: Ottoman Empire and Iran sign a peace treaty defining their borders
    1824: Riyadh is made capital of the Saudi kingdom
    1827: France, Britain and Russia help the Greek uprising against the Ottomans, the fleet of the Ottomans and of Mehemet Ali is sunk at Navarino, and the expansion of Ali's Egyptian empire is halted
    1829: Russia defeats the Ottomans and helps Serbia and Greece become independent
    1830: the Serbs declare the independent state of Serbia
    1830: France occupies Algiers
    1833: at the end of the independence war, Greece is granted independence from the Ottoman empire but France, Britain and Russia force it to accept 17-year old Otto I of Bavaria as its king
    1833: Egyptian ruler Mehemet Ali conquers Syria from the Ottoman Empire
    1838: England and the Ottoman Empire sign a trade treaty
    1839: the port of Aden in Arabia is occupied by the British
    1841: the Ottoman empire signs the Straits convention
    1847: France invades all of Algeria
    1853: In the Crimean war Britain, France and the Ottoman Empire fight Russia (the first major war in which Christian countries side with a Muslim country)


    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #10 - January 11, 2012, 08:19 PM

    That rather extensive list still manages to miss out the granada massacre of 1066 when 4000 jews were slautghtered in a single day..

    I've been driven mad trying to prove my sanity
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #11 - January 11, 2012, 08:32 PM

    That rather extensive list still manages to miss out the granada massacre of 1066 when 4000 jews were slautghtered in a single day..

    Thank you for pointing that tragedy.. please add any thing and everything that is missing ..
    Quote
    The 1066 Granada massacre took place on 30 December 1066 (9 Tevet 4827) when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, which was at that time in Muslim-ruled al-Andalus, assassinated the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred many of the Berber Jewish population of the city


    with best regards
    yeezevee

    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #12 - January 12, 2012, 11:09 AM

    source ?
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #13 - January 12, 2012, 12:31 PM

    source ?


    "TM, ®, Copyright © 2005 Piero Scaruffi All rights reserved."

    It's in the text of Yeezevee's post, 20th line from the top, reply#2.

    "And you, you are a fantasy, a view from where you'd like to think the world should see, just be true, and you will likely find a few building a vision, doing justice to our times."
    Roy Harper, addressing the doorstep evangelists, dawa-doers and other self-appointed representitives.
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #14 - January 12, 2012, 12:56 PM

    Quote
    source ?

    "TM, ®, Copyright © 2005 Piero Scaruffi All rights reserved."

    It's in the text of Yeezevee's post, 20th line from the top, reply#2.


    that is one of the sources but the source for that 1066 Granada massacre  where Muslim mob murdered 4000 or so  Berber Jewish community of that  city in Spain  is from wiki..

    I will give all references at the end  once I complete that history all the way to year 2000... I also need to cross check some of those dates, events and missing events ...

    Any ways.. moving on ward from 1853..

    Quote
    1856: Russia's Black Sea fleet is destroyed but the the Ottoman empire loses the Crimean War and the treaty of Paris gives the Ottomans a protectorate over Moldavia, Wallachia and Serbia 1797: Venezia loses its independence to Napoleon
    1858: collapse of the Mogul empire in India
    1860: Muslims in Lebanon and Syria riot against the wealthier Christians
    1860: Spain invades Morocco
    1861: Tunisia proclaims the first constitution of the Arab world, granting civil rights and rights to foreigners and Jews to own land
    1861: an autonomous region is created in Lebanon
    1861: Abdul Aziz ascends to the throne of the Ottoman Empire and inaugurates Western-style reforms
    1862: Ismail, a successor of Muhammad Ali, becomes the ruler of Egypt
    1862: Otto I is deposed by the Greeks and replaced by a son of the Danish king
    1864: More than 300 Jews are massacred between 1864 and 1880 in Marrakesh, Morocco
    1866: the Ottoman protectorates of Moldavia and Wallachia unite in the federation of Romania
    1868: Russia invades Uzbekistan
    1869: Egypt opens Ferdinand de Lesseps' Suez canal
    1875: The British government purchases shares in the Suez Canal, borrowing money from the Rothschilds
    1875: Bosnians rebel against the Ottomans
    1876: Bulgarians rebel against the Ottomans and Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire, with help from Russian volunteers
    1876: Ottoman emperor Abdul Aziz dies
    1876: the Ottoman constitution is proclaimed
    1878: Russia defeats the Ottomans and the Congress of Berlin hands Cyprus to Britain and Bosnia to Austria, grants Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania independence and grants Bulgaria broad autonomy
    1879: Ahmed Orabi/Arabi founds the Egyptian Nationalist party and leads a revolt against the Ottomans and European interference in Egypt
    1881: France occupies Tunisia
    1881: Persia loses Turkmenistan to Russia
    1881: Muhammad Ahmad rebels against Egypt establishes an Islamic state in Sudan
    Jun 1882: Egyptians riot in Alexandria to protest European interference in Egypt
    Sep 1882: British troops invade Egypt to restore order, exile Orabi/Arabi and appoint Evelyn Baring at consul general, so that the ruler of Egypt is theoretically a subject of the Ottomans but de facto a subject of the British
    1885: Sudan defeats British troops sent to regain Sudan for Egypt
    1885: the Ottoman provinces of Bulgaria unite and become de-facto independent
    1885: Jews from central and eastern Europe emigrate to Palestine
    1888: the Convention of Constantinople declares the Suez Canal neutral and guarantees passage during war or peace
    1889: work begins on the Baghdad railway, meant to link Berlin to the Gulf via Istanbul
    1889: Ottoman army and navy officers organize the Committee of Union and Progress (the "Young Turks")
    1894: 100,000 Armenians are killed by Kurds following the orders of sultan Abdulhamid II
    1896: Britain attacks Sudan again
    [size=31897: Jews of Palestine led by Theodor Herzl at Basel (Switzerland) call for the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine (first Zionist Congress)[/size]
    1898: the Ottoman protectorate grants autonomy to Crete
    1898: Britain defeats and occupies Sudan
    1900: Christians constitute 26% and Muslims constitute 12% of the world's population
    1900: Britain supplies almost 50% of Egypt's imports and buys almost 80% of Egypt's exports


    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #15 - January 12, 2012, 01:04 PM

    Thank you for pointing that tragedy.. please add any thing and everything that is missing ..
    with best regards
    yeezevee


    What about Islam's internal battles between the reforms towards the future and the reforms towards the past?  Where libraries got burned for the sake of the latter.
    The House of Wisdom was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Baghdad in 1258, along with all other libraries in Baghdad. It was said that the waters of the Tigris ran black for six months with ink from the enormous quantities of books flung into the river.
    There's the library of al-Hakam II in Cordoba, al-Andalusia, 976CE which was burned down by the Berber tribals who were incited by a 8th century Maududist, by the name of Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir.
    Then there's the library of Alexandria which was burned down due to Christian Fundies, can't blame Muslim Fundies for that one.  Of course loads of people were killed when these libraries got burned down. Can't find the online references, though.

    "And you, you are a fantasy, a view from where you'd like to think the world should see, just be true, and you will likely find a few building a vision, doing justice to our times."
    Roy Harper, addressing the doorstep evangelists, dawa-doers and other self-appointed representitives.
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #16 - January 12, 2012, 01:19 PM

    What about Islam's internal battles between the reforms towards the future and the reforms towards the past? ........... Can't find the online references, though.

    Yap........... keep adding whatever you read or you  remember with ~ dates of an event  peaceheretic.. I will be editing these posts ...

    with best regards
    yeezevee
    **************************************************

    Quote
    1902:  Abdul al-Aziz, at the head of a bedouin army, conquers Riyad and begins to unite south of Arabia (both through military action and marriage with 20 women) under the puritanical Wahabi Islamic order (my man is real followers of Prophet Muhammad*PBUH)... yeezevee)
    1902: Egypt inaugurates the Aswan dam
    1907: France invades southern Morocco
    1908: the "Young Turks" stage a revolution and depose sultan Abdulhamid II of the Ottoman empire
    1908: Crete, taken from the Ottomans, unites with Greece
    1908: Austria annexes the Ottoman provinces Bosnia and Herzegovina
    1908: Romania and Bulgaria declare their independence from the Ottoman empire
    1909: Tel Aviv is founded as a Hebrew speaking Jewish city
    1912: Italy takes Libya and the Dodecanese islands from the Ottoman Empire
    1912: a Balkan League of Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece declares war on the Ottoman Empire and drives the Ottomans almost entirely out of Europe ("Balkan war"), with Greece almost doubling in size
    1913: the Ottoman protectorate of Crete is incorporated in Greece
    1913: a triumvirate (minister of war Enver, interior minister Talat, Istanbul governor Jemal) rules the Ottoman empire
    1914: the Ottoman Empire enters World War I in an alliace with Germany and Austria
    1914: there are 85,000 Jews in Palestine
    1914: Cyprus is annexed by Britain after four centuries of Ottoman rule
    1914: Egypt becomes a British protectorate
    1915: the Ottoman empire massacres 1.2 millions of Armenians
    1915: the Ottoman empire massacres 500,000 Assyrians between 1915 and 1920
    1915: Britain recognizes the kingdom of the Saudis in south Arabia(RASCALS..yeezevee)
    1916: the Ottoman empire slaughters 350,000 Greek Pontians and 480,000 Anatolian Greeks between 1916 and 1923
    1916: Britain and France agree to partition the Middle East
    1916: Husayn (Hussein), sharif of Mecca (north Arabia) and founder of the modern Hashimite dynasty, leads a revolt against the Ottoman Empire, while Britain and France secretely agree to divide the Arab lands of the Ottoman empire
    1917: the "Balfour Declaration" by the British government promises a Jewish homeland in Palestine
    1917: Exodus of Jews from Egypt to British Palestine
    1918: Saad Zaghloul founds the Wafd party in Egypt aiming for independence from Britain
    1918: the Ottoman Empire is defeated in World War I

    1918: Britain takes control of Iraq and Transjordan
    1918: Yemen becomes independent from the Ottomans under Yahya, the imam of the Zaydis
    Mar 1919: Saad Zaghloul of the Wafd party is arrested by the British in Egypt, causing riots that kill 1,500 Egyptians in two months
    1919: France claims Syria and Lebanon
    1919: Greece attacks Turkey (Ottoman Empire) to regain control of the old Byzantine territories, and Turkey retaliates by massacring tens of thousands of Greek and Armenian Christians in its territories
    1920: France defeats Arab troops at Maysalun And General Gouraud's French mandate rule is installed over Syria
    1920: Palestine becomes a British protectorate
    1920: Syrian-born ex-Ottoman official Sati al-Husri preaches Arab nationalism


    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #17 - January 12, 2012, 03:56 PM

    ...... keep adding whatever you read or you  remember with ~ dates of an event


    I see you've already got the other two. I've found an online reference which has the dates and names of the Alexandria Library being burned down.
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries,_archives_and_museums

    The date of the Alexandria Library being Fundied to the ground by Christian Fundies was 392CE and it is recorded as the Library of the Serapeum. And the books burned included the Gnostic Christian writings and the orders for this book burning came from the emerging Literalist Christian power-centres of Constantinople and Rome.  The Literalist Christians fed their wishes through Theodosius I passed these wishes on to Theophilus of Alexandria who sent out the orders to his minions.  Many Gnostic Christians and Hellenistic philosophers and scholars perished along with the books they taught from.

    Good luck with editing this growing data base wacko

    "And you, you are a fantasy, a view from where you'd like to think the world should see, just be true, and you will likely find a few building a vision, doing justice to our times."
    Roy Harper, addressing the doorstep evangelists, dawa-doers and other self-appointed representitives.
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #18 - January 12, 2012, 07:08 PM

    Quote
    512: First recorded inscription in Arabic


    Syrio aramaic?  I thought arabic did not exist until a century or so after uncle mo.  And the early battles are nicked from other areas and transplanted to Arabia.

    And the first caliphates are copies of Jewish patriarchs.

    http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm/frm/19589/sec_id/19589

    Quote
    Professor Johannes Thomas of the University of Paderborn[2] pointed out that our sources for the conquest of Spain by Muslims are quite late and unreliable. There are no Arabic inscriptions dating back to the Eighth Century and only six dating back to the Ninth. The earliest description of the conquest of North Africa and Spain written in Arabic was written by Ibn Abd al-Hakam, an Egyptian who had never been in Spain and who is said to have written the text in the middle of the 9th Century. As the Dutch Arabist Rienhard Dozy said this account has no more historical value than the fairy tales in "The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night". But as Professor Thomas pointed out, al-Hakam is not an exception, all other Arabian reports and compilations give us the same fairy tales.

    Leaning on the methodology established by Albrecht Noth, Thomas tries to sort out what really happened between the Eighth and Eleventh Century in Spain.

    Professor Helmut Waldmann of TŸbingen gave a brief history of Zurvanism -a branch of Zoroastrianism that had the divinity Zurvan as its First Principle (primordial creator deity). In the second part of his talk, Waldmann gave a sketch of the influence of Zurvanism on Islam.

    Filippo Rainieri described the Historic Roots of Sharia, while Geneviève Gobillot of the University of Lyons revealed the astonishing similarities of Koranic theology and the thought of Lactantius [died c.320] an early Christian author, a Latin-speaking native of North Africa, who taught rhetoric in various cities of the Eastern Roman Empire, ending in Constantinople. His Divinae Institutiones ("Divine Institutions"), an early example of a systematic presentation of Christian thought, was probably written between 303 and 311.

    Christoph Heger, convinced of the validity of Christoph Luxenberg and Volker Popp's thesis that early documents, inscriptions and coins that contain the terms "muhammad" and " 'ali" should not be understood as proper names of the putatively historical figures of Islamic historiography but as honorific titles of Jesus Christ, argued that confirmation of the said thesis could be found in the old text of an inscription of a talisman in the possession of Tewfik Canaan.[3] The text of the talisman should be read as:

    "O healer, O God! Help from God and near victory and good tiding of the believers! O praised one [muhammad], O merciful one, O benefactor. There is no young man like the high one [ 'ali] and no sword like the two-edged sword of the high one. O God, O living one, O eternal one, O Lord of majesty and honour, O merciful one, O compassionate one".

    This text should be understood as an invocation of Jesus Christ- the healer, the good tiding, the praised, merciful and high one, the young hero, "out of the mouth [of whom] went a sharp two-edged sword" [Apoc. 1:16], namely “the word of God,” which is “sharper than any two-edged sword” [Hebrews 4:12].

    Where Dr. Markus Gross discussed the Buddhist influence on Islam, Professor Kropp explained the Ethiopian elements in the Koran. Independent scholar, traveller, and numismatist Volker Popp argued that Islamic history as recounted by Islamic historians has a Biblical structure –the first four caliphs are clearly modelled on Adam, Noah, Abraham, and Moses. The Muslim historians transformed historical facts to fit a Biblical pattern. Popp also developed a fascinating thesis that Islamic historians had a propensity to turn nomen (gentile) (name of the gens or clan) into patronyms; a patronym being a component of a personal name based on the name of one's father. Thus Islamic historians had a tendency to take, for instance, Iranian names on inscriptions and turn them into Arabic-sounding names. Having turned Iranians into Arabs, the next step was to turn historical events connected with the original Iranians which had nothing to do with Islamic history into Islamic history. For example, Islamic history knows various so called Civil Wars. One of them was between Abd-al-Malik, his governor al-Hajjaj and the rival caliph in Mecca by the name of Abdallah Zubair. The evidence of inscriptions tells us that the name Zubayr is a misreading. The correct reading is ZNBYL. This was made into ZUBYL by the Arab historians. From ZUBYL they derived the name Zubair, which has no Semitic root. The real story is a fight between Abd al-Malik at Merv and the King of Kabulistan, who held the title ZNBYL. This took place between 60 and 75 Arab era in the East of the former Sassanian domains. The historians transferred this feud to Mecca and Jerusalem and then embedded the whole into the structure of a well known story from the Old Testament, the secession of Omri and his building the Temple of Samaria.

    The paper delivered by Rainer Nabielek of Berlin provided evidence of a successful application of Luxenberg’s method not only to the Koran but to non-religious texts as well. This was convincingly shown by means of a hitherto unsolved medical term. This medical term can be traced back to Syriac in the same way as many Koranic expressions as demonstrated by Luxenberg. In addition to this Nabielek pointed in his paper to the hitherto overlooked phenomenon of the existence of loan syntax in classical Arabic. His contribution confirms the validity of Luxenberg’s method in general.

    Keith Small compared the textual variants in the New Testament manuscripts and Koranic manuscripts. Dr. Elisabeth Puin gave a lucid, and highly original analysis of an early Koran manuscript from Sana, Yemen, [DAM 01-27.1] in part written over a palimpsest Koranic text. Dr. Elisabeth Puin summarized her findings and their implications,

    “As for the scriptio superior, the comparison with the Standard text [Cairo 1924/25 Koran] shows that it still contains many differences in orthography and verse counting; there are even minor textual variants, like, for example, singular instead of plural, wa- instead of fa-, and so on. Some - but by far not all - of those differences were at a later stage corrected by erasure and /or amendments. We cannot suppose that all the differences are only due to the calligrapher's inattention, being simply spelling mistakes; there are too many of them on every page, and some of them are found repeatedly, not only in this manuscript but in others too. So we must conclude that at the stage when and in the region where the manuscript was written those variants were not felt to be mistakes but conformed to a specific writing tradition.”   

    Professor Van Reeth, already much impressed by Luxenberg's thesis and methodology, gave two talks at the conference. The shorter one compared the image of the pearl in four passages in the Koran that refer to a eucharistic prayer, and a parallel image found in the Eucharist of the Manichaeans. The longer talk discussed the similarities of the Islamic vision of the union of Muhammad with his God, and the commentary of Ephrem the Syrian on the union of the believer with God.

    Ibn Warraq gave a brief account of the errors, fallacies, and contradictions in Edward Said's highly influential Orientalism. Dr. Dšhla focused on Spain, and described the historical settings in which the two groups of Mozarabs (8th c. to 12th c.) and Moriscos (16th c.) had been living. These two groups used the Arabic script to write their Romance and Spanish texts. “This contact of two different systems offers the opportunity to find out more about the phonetic realisations of Vulgar-Arabic and the Romance language transcribed.”[4]

    Dr Reynolds of the University of Notre Dame (U.S.A.) examined the meaning of the difficult term hanif, found in the Koran but clearly a non-Arabic word. It probably comes from the Syriac word hanpa, meaning pagan, but in the Koran it has a secondary Syriac meaning, of a clan (gens); ethnicity. In the Koran the term is almost always used in connection with Abraham, but in the sense of his ethnicity and never his religion.

    Finally, Christoph Luxenberg himself gave an impressive talk that seemed to untie some difficult knots that several centuries of both Islamic and Western scholarship had been unable to undo. He gave an original explanation of the so-called mysterious letters with which some Surahs commence. At the beginning of twenty nine suras following the bismillah stands a letter, or a group of letters which are simply read as separate letters of the alphabet.[5] Luxenberg suggested that they all had something to do with Syriac liturgical traditions. For instance, the letter êŒd at the beginning of Surah 38 indicates the number 90, referring to Psalm 90, while the letters A L R to be found at the beginning of Surahs 10, 11, 12, 14, 15 are a Syriac abbreviation meaning “The Lord said to me.”



    When you are a Bear of Very Little Brain, and you Think of Things, you find sometimes that a Thing which seemed very Thingish inside you is quite different when it gets out into the open and has other people looking at it.


    A.A. Milne,

    "We cannot slaughter each other out of the human impasse"
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #19 - January 13, 2012, 12:42 AM

    this is good shit, are u gonna complete it up to 2012
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #20 - January 15, 2012, 07:59 PM

    this is good shit, are u gonna complete it up to 2012

    well I will try., but it is not only for me all members of CEMB should add as much info as possible., it is being year wise it is easy to add missing history  serpentofeden   .. so we are in 20th century, where history is essentially controlled by the colonial rule of British..

    Quote
    1920: Iraqis riot against British rule
    1921: the British install Abdullah, fourth son of Sharif Hussein of the Hashemite dynasty, as king of Transjordan
    1922: Egypt declares its independence from Britain under Fuad I and a secular constitution is proclaimed to create a parliamentary monarchy, but British maintains political control
    1922: Turkey wins the war against Greece and 1.5 million Greeks leave Anatolia
    1922: the British install Faisal, third son of Sharif Hussein, brother of Abdullah of Transjordan, as king of the newly created state fo Iraq
    1922: Syria and Lebanon become French protectorates
    1922: Britain receives a mandate from the League of Nations to create a homeland for the Jews in Palestine, which starts large-scale Jewish immigration from Europe
    1923: Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) abolishes the Ottoman empire, declares Turkey a republic, replaces the Arabic script with the Latin alphabet, outlaws the Islamic veil for women, and moves the capital from Istanbul to Ankara
    Feb 1923: Turkey cedes Mosul to Iraq
    1924: The British governor of Sudan, Lee Stack, is assassinated in Cairo, Egypt
    1925: Reza Khan appoints himself as Shah of Persia, the Qajar dynasty ends and the Pahlavi dynasty begins
    1926: Abdul al-Aziz ibn Saud conquers north Arabia from the Hashemites and proclaims himself king of Hejaz and Nejd
    1927: oil fields are discovered near Kirkuk in Iraq and king Faisal grants oil rights to the British
    1927: Turkey grants women the right to coeducation
    1927: The "Brotherhood" ("Ikhwan") stages a rebellion against king Saud in Arabia
    1928: Hassan Al-Banna creates "Al-Ikhwan Al-Moslemoon" (Muslim Brotherhood) in Egypt, a quasi-monastic movement that advocates for the entire Arab world a fundamentalist Islamic society like the one created by the Wahabites in Saudi Arabia and therefore advocates rebellion against the westernized Egyptian government
    1929: hundreds of people die in clashes between Arabs and Jews in Palestine
    1930: King Saud of Hejaz (Arabia) defeats the "Brotherhood" ("Ikhwan")
    1932: Iraq becomes independent under the rule of King Faisal
    1932: Abdul al-Aziz ibn Saud changes name to his kingdom from Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd to Saudi Arabia
    1932: Iraq enacts antisemitic laws
    1932: A USA company (Socal) discovers oil in Bahrein
    1933: King Faisal of Iraq dies and his son, King Ghazi I, ascends to the throne
    1933: There are 800,000 Arabs and 200,000 Jews in Palestine
    1935: The Wafd party organizes strikes and demonstrations against Britain in Egypt
    1935: Turkey grants women the right to vote
    1936: Fuad dies and the throne of Egypt is inherited by his son Farouk, who signs a treaty with Britain granting real independence to Egypt in exchange for a military alliance
    Apr 1936: Arabs revolt against British rule in Palestine (first "intifada")
    1938: oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait by a USA company
    1939: all Arab countries supply only 5% of the world's oil
    1941: Iraqi prime minister Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani stages a pro-nazi military coup
    1941: the Ba' ath Party is founded in Damascus by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din Bitar with the mission to unify the whole Arab world in one Arab country
    Feb 1942: Britain forces king Farouk of Egypt to appoint Wasfd's leader Mustafa al-Nahas as prime minister
    1943: Shukri al-Kuwatli leads Syria to independence from the French
    1943: Syria and Lebanon declare independence from France
    1945: several thousand Algerians are killed by France during pro-independence riots in Constantine
    1945: The League of Arab States is formed by the independent Arab countries (Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Yemen)

    So we must realize here all the borders and geographical boundaries of present middle east countries are essentially product of British/French work..

    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #21 - January 15, 2012, 11:15 PM

    Could we put in a few about the Mufti of Jerusalem and when he met Hitler and related matters?

    When you are a Bear of Very Little Brain, and you Think of Things, you find sometimes that a Thing which seemed very Thingish inside you is quite different when it gets out into the open and has other people looking at it.


    A.A. Milne,

    "We cannot slaughter each other out of the human impasse"
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #22 - January 16, 2012, 01:46 AM

    mashallah, great work brother, i'll share this with other once done up to 2012.
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #23 - February 15, 2012, 05:42 PM

    Anyone else believes in alternate universe/timeline theory.I like to wish in some alternate universe muslims never invaded Ancient India maybe they were defeated.If only i could invent time machine and tell various kings of ancient India to stop fighting among themselves and  protect our land from invaders.I love science fiction so dont laugh Tongue
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #24 - February 15, 2012, 09:26 PM

    Yeah but the Taj Mahal is awesome cool. parrot

    Devious, treacherous, murderous, neanderthal, sub-human of the West. bunny
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #25 - February 15, 2012, 09:35 PM

    still waiting for the end part ! Smiley
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #26 - February 15, 2012, 10:24 PM

    Quote
    1946:   Menachem Begin leads the  bombing of  the King David Hotel in Jerusalem and destroys  the British military and civilian headquarters., AT THAT TIME HE WAS A JEWISH  TERRORIST.. in England and most of the Europe but later he became Prime Minister of Israel without his plan there would have not been any Israel that you see to day.
    1946: Transjordan becomes independent and changes name to Jordan
    1946: The British troops stationed in Egypt withdraw in the Canal Zone but fedayeen begin a campaign of attacks against them
    1947: 800,000 Arabs live in Palestine
    1947: the United Nations orders a partition of Palestine in a Jewish state (Israel), an Arab state and an international zone around Jerusalem
    1948: on the same day that Israel declares its independence, five Arab countries attack Israel from all sides (Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq)
    1948: the Yemeni imam Yahya is assassinated and is succeeded by his son Ahmad
    1949:  Creation of Palestinian refugee camps begins outside the borders of Israel
    1949: A military coup terminates the parliamentary system in Syria
    1950: the Israeli government airlifts approximately 110,000 Jews from Iraq to Israel
    1950: The Wafd wins democratic elections in Egypt
    1950: Turkey holds the first multi-party elections and elects Adnan Menderes prime minister
    1950: There are 38,000 British soldiers in Egypt to protect the Suez Canal
    1951: Following persecutions, the population of Jews in Iraq declines from 150,000 (1948) to 6,000 (1951)
    1952: Egypt has 20 million people
    Jan 1952: Anti-British riots in Egypt cause a British retaliation that kills 50 people ("Black Saturday")
    1952: Turkey joins NATO, the only Muslim country to do so
    1952: members of the Muslim Brotherhood assassinate King Abdullah in Jerusalem and King Hussein becomes the new king of Jordan
    1952: Libya proclaims its independence
    1952: a military coup led by Gamal Abdel Nasser removes King Faruk and founds the republic of Egypt
    1954: Algerian exiles in Egypt create the Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) and start the independence war against France
    1954: Nasser arrests the leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood, including their philosopher Sayyid Qutb
    1955: Palestinian fedayeen begin operating from across the border bringing terror into Israel
    1955: Oil accounts for 2/3rds of traffic in the Suez Canal
    1955: Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan, Iran and Britain sign the Baghdad Pact that de facto asserts British influence in the Middle Eastagainst the Soviet Union
    1956: Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal, thereby becoming the father of Arab nationalism and moving the Arab world into the Soviet sphere
    1956: in retaliation for guerrilla attacks sponsored by Egypt, Israel declares war to Egypt (second war) and invades the Sinai and the Gaza strip, while France and Britain seize the Suez canal
    1956: France withdraws from Morocco, and King Mohammed assumes power
    1956: the first concrete building is built in Dubai
    1956: France withdraws from Tunisia, and Habib Bourguiba becomes its first president
    Dec 1956: Britain leaves the Suez Canal
    1956: Britain grants Sudan full independence
    Jul 1958: inspired by Gamal Abdel Nasser, Iraqi officers led by brigadier Abdul-Karim Qassem overthrow the Hashimite monarchy (king Faisal II and his uncle are impaled and dismembered) and proclaim a republic
    1959: a USA company discovers oil in Libya
    1960: the oil developing countries (mainly Arabs) found the OPEC
    1960: Turkey's prime minister Adnan Menderes is overthrown and executed by the army
    1960: Cyprus becomes independent under president Makarios


    Could we put in a few about the Mufti of Jerusalem and when he met Hitler and related matters?

      Well  moi  let us this plane history first and then we will do that as in independent post on 2nd world war w.r.t middle east & Europe..

    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #27 - February 15, 2012, 10:49 PM

    Quote
    1961: in Iraq a Kurdish rebellion under the leadership of Mustafa al-Barzani is brutally repressed
    1961: Nasser of Egypt launches a program of "Arab socialism"
    1961: Tunisian and French forces fight after France refuses to close military bases in Tunisia
    1961: Kuwait becomes independent under the protection of Britain
    1961: Morocco's King Mohammed dies and is succeeded by Hassan II
    1962: Saudi Arabia abolishes slavery
    Apr 1962: The British protectorates around Aden form the Federation of South Arabia
    1962: Christians in the south of Sudan begin a civil war
    1962: Algeria is declared independent after the deaths of about 100,000 French and about 1,000,000 Algerians and the exiled leader Ben Bella becomes its first president
    1962: Yemeni imam Ahmad dies and army officers led by Abdullah Sallal seize power and form the republic of North Yemen, supported by Egyptian troops
    1963: in a military coup the Baath Party seizes power in Syria, outlaws all other parties and embarks in a Soviet-style program of nationalization
    1963: Israeli prime minister Ben Gurion resigns
    1963: in a military coup the Baath Party seizes power in Iraq
    1964: the Palestine Liberation Organization is created in Cairo with the mission to destroy the state of Israel and liberate Palestine
    1965: Houari Boumedienne seizes power in Algeria
    1965: members of the Muslim Brotherhood try to assassinate Nasser of Egypt
    1966: the spiritual leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, Sayyid Qutb, is hanged in Egypt
    Nov 1967: the British withdraw from Aden and marxists take over the Federation of South Arabia that becomes South Yemen
    1967: After Egypt expels UN peacekeepers from the Sinai and closes the Red Sea to Israeli ships, and Arab countries ammass troops at the Israeli border, Israel attacks and wins a third war against the Arabs, and occupies the lands of the Palestinians (Gaza Strip and West Bank)
    1967: Egypt withdraws from Yemen
    1968: the British withdraw from the Gulf and the United Arab Emirates are created
    1968: the pro-Soviet faction of the Ba'ath Party seizes power in Iraq and appoints Ahmed Hasan al-Bakr president and Saddam Hussein in charge of internal security
    1969: colonel Muhammar Qaddafi becomes dictator of Libya after a successful coup
    1969: Jaafar Nimeiri seizes power in Sudan
    1969: Yassir Arafat becomes leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization
    1970: Egyptian president Nasser dies and is succeeded by his deputy Anwar Sadat
    1970: Oman formally abolishes slavery
    1970: Hafez Assad, leader of the military wing of the Ba'ath Party, overthrows the president of Syria
    1970: Palestinian terrorists bomb airplanes and other facilities in Europe
    1970: King Hussein of Jordan orders a massive expulsion of Palestinians ("black september")

    1970: Arafat, settles in Beirut, Lebanon


    Do not let silence become your legacy.. Question everything   
    I renounced my faith to become a kafir, 
    the beloved betrayed me and turned in to  a Muslim
     
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #28 - February 16, 2012, 09:23 AM

    great work, been a pleasure reading through all that
  • Re: Middle East history.. A time-line of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
     Reply #29 - February 16, 2012, 11:56 AM

    1097: the Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon capture Jerusalem

    This occurred in 1099

    Then there's the library of Alexandria which was burned down due to Christian Fundies, can't blame Muslim Fundies for that one.  Of course loads of people were killed when these libraries got burned down. Can't find the online references, though.


    You'll never find online references or references of any sort, what your describing never occurred.
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