My apologies, Yeezevee. As you noted, my comment was written via my phone and thus I could not provide any sources or an elaborate response. But since I am home, I can now provide some details.
1: 99 % of today's Quran is represented in our first century manuscripts.
Although no
complete (i.e. codex) Koran dates, at least with any certainty, earlier than 3rd/9th century (AH 300), to claim based on this that the entire (or most of it) Koran did not exist in the seventh century, is a
non-sequitur, for the reasons given below.
In 2001, the late S. Noja Noseda, professor of Arabic Language and Literature at the Università Cattolica in Milan, alongside François Déroche, a specialist of Arab manuscripts at the National Library of France, analyzed the contents of all hijazid manuscripts securely dated to the seventh century. By comparing the extant manuscripts to the King Fuʾād edition, they concluded that 83 % of the Koran is represented in those manuscripts. Note, however, that Noseda & Déroche did not include in their analysis Koran materials written on papyri, inscriptions, nor the famous Sanaa palimpsest (Sanaa, Inv. 01-27.1). Taking this into account, and considering a more recent analysis by islamic-awareness.org, the number given by Noseda & Déroche must be higher, somewhere around 90 %.
Most recently, this conclusion is bolstered by the German expert Nicolai Sinai, professor of Islamic Studies and Fellow of Pembroke College, and currently a researcher at the Corpus Coranicum project, which he co-founded alongside Angelika Neuwirth and Michael Marx. In his latest book, published in 2017, Sinai looked at the earliest manuscript evidence and concluded that: “[A] very considerable portion of the Qurʾānic text was around, albeit not without variants, by the 650s.”
Going back to the Sanaa palimpsest, the late Patricia Crone, who was known for her “revisionist” theories due to her earlier work, wrote that the manuscript derived from a complete Koran, an observation accepted by all textual critics as Gerd-Rüdiger Puin, Elizabeth Puin, Behnam Sadeghi, Mohsen Goudarzi, Uwe Bergmann, Asma Hilali, to name but a few. Based on the radiocarbon dating, Crone concluded:
There was a complete Qurʾān by the second half of the seventh century. It was not identical with the one we have today in every detail, but the variants do not change the fact that it is the same book. There is also the question of whether it included all the suras now in it, more specifically whether it included sūrat al-baqara or left it as a separate book. But for all that, we have a hard fact: the Qurʾān existed by the time when the tradition says it existed. There is no longer any good reason to doubt that ʿUthmān set up a commission that produced a Qurʾān.
Notice how Crone goes further than Sinai, in that she asserts that there was
complete Koran by the 650s, which indeed is very significant, especially coming from a leading scholar who was by no means conservative in her thinking.
As to the remaining 1 %, consult the study made by islamic-awareness.org.
I guess 1st century means.. did you mean ... is it around 750 AD??
First/seventh century: 622–722
My source for the 9 earliest manuscripts is: M. Lamsiah,
Makhṭūṭāt al-Qurʾān: madkhal li-dirāsat al-makhṭūṭāt al-qadīma (Canada: Water Life Publishing, 2017), p. 82. I only took the liberty of adding no. 6 and the date ranges.
Hope this answered your questions. As always, best regards.
Topic: Qur'anic studies today